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Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko, born on August 30, 1954, is a Belarusian politician who has held the presidency of Belarus since its establishment on July 20, 1994, making him the longest-serving European president. Prior to his political career, Lukashenko worked as the director of a state farm and served in the Soviet Border Troops and the Soviet Army.
Lukashenko's governance has been marked by the retention of state ownership of key industries following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He has also preserved significant Soviet-era symbolism, evident in Belarus's coat of arms and national flag, adopted through a controversial 1995 referendum, which closely resembled those of the former Byelorussian SSR.
Through referendums in 1995 and 1996, Lukashenko consolidated his power, gaining the authority to dismiss the Supreme Soviet of Belarus and further centralize control. He strengthened economic ties with Russia, culminating in the establishment of the Union State, allowing for free movement, work, and study between Belarus and Russia. However, relations with Russia have experienced tensions, notably during incidents like the Milk War.
Lukashenko's leadership style has been described as authoritarian, and he has famously referred to himself as the "last dictator" in Europe. Elections in Belarus are widely criticized for lacking fairness and transparency by international observers. Opposition figures face repression, and media freedom is restricted, resulting in sanctions against Lukashenko and his administration.
The 2020 presidential election in Belarus was marred by allegations of widespread vote rigging, triggering mass protests, the largest during Lukashenko's tenure. Consequently, several countries, including the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the United States, do not recognize Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus.
